Music and Audio - Musical Creativity

Using Compressors to increase attack - Musical Creativity 45

Alan — Thu, 21 Aug 2008 16:30:37 +0100

Compressors are regularly used to tame errant dynamics or to increase the perceived volume of a track. As well as squashing the audio, the compressor can be used to bring out some elements more than others.

Letting the attack through

Remember when you were learning about compression? You probably wanted the attack at 0ms so that the whole signal was compressed equally. But it ended up in a squashed mess. The output sound had a different quality to what was put in. The guitar no longer sounded like a guitar, but like an old keyboard emulation of a keyboard. So we all gradually learned to allow the initial transients through with delays of 20ms upwards, depending on the instrument and the wanted effect. This allowed for a natural sound.

Reverse your thinking

Usually we're using a compressor to tame peaks or increase the perceived volume of the track by decreasing the dynamic range. This time we'll focus on increasing the dynamic range and still using a compressor.

Set the compressor to have a longer attack, e.g. 30ms to let the initial strike of a guitar string through. Set the compressor to moderately reduce the dynamic range of the rest of the signal. What you'll see if you compare the input to the output is that the initial peaks where the string is hit or plucked are louder in comparison to the rest of the signal.

Additional Options with Software

Pre-empting

The problem with hardware compressors is that they can only react once they receive the signal they receive. Software compressors have the advantage of being able to look-ahead at the signal and react before a hardware compressor could. That's useful for enabling the compressor to act on the initial transients.

Sidechain

You can also eq the input signal to trigger the side-chain. Some allow you to do this in the plug-in itself. For others you'll have to set up an aux/bus track and route the signal in parallel through that and eq the aux channel. This can be done in hardware as well if you eq the feed going into the sidechain.

Using Other Processors

Expanders

Expanders are built for job of increasing the dynamic range. Effectively, they're compressors with upward compression. And so should be more suited to increasing range. However, sometimes I prefer to use a basic compressor.

Enveloper

These react to the envelope of the sound. Think back to the basics of synthesis with every sound having Attack, Decay, Sustain and Release (ADSR). Envelopers provide a way to change the gain at the various stages. The one in Logic allows the user to change the gain at the Attack and the Release stages. So you could potentially just change the gain of the attack and leave the rest of the signal alone.

Gain

This doesn't increase dynamic range. I've included it because I had to increase the gain of the guitar track to match the results of the effects.

Results

I recorded a steel-string acoustic guitar using an x-y pattern of 2 small diaphragm microphones. These were routed to a bus (aux in Logic) and the effects were applied to the bus only. The main output for the microphone channels were removed, meaning that the signal was only going through the bus. I applied the following effects in turn: compressor, enveloper, expander and gain. For each one, I spent about 2 minutes changing the parameters on a part of the track that was of roughly average volume. Then I bounced the output to a separate audio file.

It's important to note that I only spent the time configuring the parameters for one part of the track. There were louder and quieter parts elsewhere in the track.

Rather than play the whole 5 minute track, I've extracted three parts; one quiet, one average, one loud.

The Screenshot

The screenshot shows the unprocessed as well as the results of having each of the compressor, gain, enveloper and expander applied in turn. The order from left to right is Average, Quiet and Loud.

Download a larger version of the image here

What you'll notice is that there's not that much different between most of them in the average and quiet. However, the compressor did a good job of using the dynamic range available. The gain effect just made everything louder, as it's meant to, but doesn't bring out the peaks. The expander and enveloper both coped well, but I prefer the compressor.

In the Loud section, we see the issues with applying parameters for one section only. In all reality, we'd probably be riding the faders or at least automating the fader/effect parameters. But for the moment, it gives us a good idea of how flexible the processors are. Most of them are showing clipped waveforms for the loud section, indicating too much make-up gain. The compressor waveform still has thin ends to the spikes indicating a more managed approach. And the sound does reflect that.

Quiet

Unprocessed

Gain

Expander

Compressor

Enveloper

Average

Unprocessed

Gain

Expander

Compressor

Enveloper

Loud

Unprocessed

Compressor

I've only published a few of these files in case anyone risks damaging their speakers. I haven't published the files with square ends, e.g. the "gain" and "expander" files.

Part of a series by Award Sounds offering a selection of creative ideas to kick-start or rejuvenate a composition.

Using an Octaver for Easy Funk - Musical Creativity 43

Alan — Mon, 07 Jul 2008 15:23:43 +0100

Mention an octaver to a musician, especially a guitarist, and you're heading for a conversation about Hendrix.

It can be used for other styles. So here's a quick trick for writing funk. Forget the bass when you start. I half-expected to get lynched, but bear with me, at least until the end.

Background

I like the old P-funk of Funkadelic and Parliament. I think what made me hear it more was the inclusion of a distorted guitar in a funk show. This was often played in sync with the bass guitar.

Setting the groove

Find a sparse drum track. You want big drums (not 80s soft rock big though). Make sure it's a tight loop. Set it to loop as your background track. Now remove the click track if you've got one. You'll play better this way.

Setting up the guitar

We'll get the distorted guitar set-up first. That'll be a distorted guitar from the 70s, maybe even a distorted DI from the 80s. Keep the speaker simulation to a minimum. We're not looking for a modern hi-gain sound here so go for a raw guitar sound.

Next add an octaver effect. I've had better results recently with it placed after the amplifier/amplifier plug-in, but normally I'd place pitch effects before the pre-amp.

Set the octaver so it adds a note one octave (12 notes) below the signal.

Roll the tape

Now play and record. Use an extended pentatonic scale (i.e. blues scale with a few additional notes) to get started. The p-funk guitars had lots of semi-tone intervals.

Fill it Out

Add a second guitar with a modulation effect, most commonly a subtle phaser playing rhythmic, strummed part-chords.

Finish it off

I've added a club-type reverb to bond the 3 instruments tracks together, aiming for a live club feel.

Make it more complex

You could add the octaver as a send instead of a insert, allowing to mix the levels better and potentially (depending on the quality of the octaver effect) retain the character of the original signal with more clarity.

Make it more authentic

Put on the star-shaped shades, pick up the bass and record the part properly. The octaver gives you an easy way gets you started in the groove, but it really should be done with a bass.

Part of a series by Award Sounds offering a selection of creative ideas to kick-start or rejuvenate a composition.

Use of Tremolo - Musical Creativity 42

Alan — Thu, 26 Jun 2008 21:27:29 +0100

I've talked about tremolo as a musical feature before, this time I want to go into more detail.

First things first, let's sort out the guitarists: I don't mean using the tremolo arm/whammy bar or whatever you want to call it ("handle" as my girlfriend called it - and no she won't be picking up my guitars for a while). The whammy bar creates a vibrato feature, not a tremolo. Vibrato alters pitch.

Amplitude

Tremolo is the act of altering the volume of a note or set of notes. For an electric instrument, the simplest to hear is by regularly turning the volume knob up and down. The notes fade in, fade out, fade in, fade out and so on.

It's a great tool for livening up a piece of music. The previous article on the subject covered some more ways of using it.

Recordings

Tremolo features on a lot of famous recordings. Three extreme examples are:

How Soon Is Now - The Smiths

Crush with Eyeliner - REM

What's the Frequency Kenneth - REM

But it's used more subtlely on many, many more recordings. Think of any country song and listen to the guitar. Many of the 1950s and 1960s guitar recordings had tremolo on them. Think Duane Eddy (although he mixed it with vibrato by using the whammy bar a lot). Lots of Elvis recordings featuring Scotty Moore had tremolo. This situation was accentuated and facilitated by the inclusion of tremolo circuits in the guitar amps, e.g. Vox

Types of effect

The common tremolo effect alters the amplitude or volume of the incoming signal apply a regularly repeating pattern before output. The most common pattern is the sine wave, although some FX units also allow square and sawtooth. The output signal increases, decreases, increases, decreases, etc.

The waveform applied changes how fast the signal reaches the extremes and how long it stays there before beginning the journey to the other extreme.

Depth

If the signal is applied completely at 100% depth, then the output will have no signal at the points when the applied FX is at its lowest point, conversely it will have the maximum volume when the FX is at its highest point.

Lowering the depth introduces a less radical effect, to the point that if the depth were at 0%, then there would theoretically be no difference between the input and output. As with most effects, the most appropriate depth is usually somewhere between the two extremes.

Symmetry

The waveform applied so far has been the same on both sides, i.e. going up and coming down. Altering the phase allows more time for the signal to climb and a quicker fall or vice versa. This is great for imparting a slower or a rushed feeling to the track.

Phase

For a stereo tremolo, the default set-up is to have the signal applied equally, but alternately to each channel. Changing the phase control alters the timing displacement of the second channel compared to the first, which can be used to create panning echoes or dotted note rhythms.

No Depth?

I'd usually use a tremolo inline with the signal, either at the recording stage (e.g. between guitar and amp) or at the mixing stage (as an insert). If there's no depth control, then patch the tremolo into a send and emulate the depth by the relative values of the signal and send faders.

For guitarists, if there's no depth control, then you maybe able to use it in the amp's FX loop if you've got a variable dry/wet mix. This may not work well, since the FX would be placed after the pre-amp. Depends what equipment you're using.

Playing with fingers

A classical guitar tremolo technique involves repeatedly plucking the same string with the first, second and third fingers. This is often a bass and/or melody note plucked with the thumb followed by the three fingers or sometimes a fourth is employed but the fingering changes.

The most famous example is probably Recuerdos De La Alhambra by Francisco Tárrega, although I think Agustin Barrios Mangore's Una Limosna por el Amor de Dios (Alms for the Peace of God) shows the technique more.

Various forms of flamenco use a similar technique, sometimes using the thumb plus four finger notes (not necessarily four fingers, often three fingers with one repeated) to get a 5-tuplet pattern.

Pick

For electric guitar, rapidly repeated picking of the same note gives a tremolo effect that can be used in solos. Do it too often and you'll sound you can't move your fret-hand fingers. Best to intersperse it with other techniques. Check out the Ozzy Osbourne recordings with Randy Rhoads, e.g. Tribute, to get an idea of how to fit it into a solo. He doesn't use it that often, but when he does, it works well. Nowadays, watch Matt Bellamy of Muse. There are plenty of others, but they're not coming to mind right now.

In other forms of music, e.g. drag, it can be the main feature. This is more likely to happen on the lower strings of the guitar, with a springy/slap-back reverb. Think Dick Dale. Although perhaps not part of drag, Miserlou (as featured in Pulp Fiction) is a great example of how a simple riff can lead the track. The repeated picking comes from his experience with an oud (or ud).

Part of a series by Award Sounds offering a selection of creative ideas to kick-start or rejuvenate a composition.

43 Reasons for Collaborating - Part 4 - Musical Creativity 41

Alan — Mon, 16 Jun 2008 19:43:17 +0100

13. Meet Other people

13a avoid being recluse

Composing music can be a solitary activity. For some that works, for others it can be a lonely experience. Whatever the perspective, it can quickly turn into isolation. Collaborating with others reduces the isolation.

13b friends

I've met most of my best friends through music and music-related activities. Some of the people I met as acquaintances have turned into good friends over time.

13c balance

Working in isolation for too long can be bad for the health. It can be demotivating, lonely, On the other hand, working alone can bring out the best in some. But however you handle it, get some balance in there. Meeting other people will at least introduce somebody else's perspective into your world.

13d improve community projects

There are people in your community that could use music for their benefit. Some may just need an outlet to perform, some need instruments, some need training, some just need to play music with other musicians, others want music for their own community project, some need direction.....and the list goes on. Does a project exist near you? If not, can you create one?

14. Reputation

Think carefully before you take on working with someone else. Think about whether you can do what you set out to do, how much risk is there? Is it just fun for everyone involved? What's the impact on the people if you all fail?

If you're not taking it as seriously as the others are, then that can damage your reputation. If you're too serious, again that can result in a damaged reputation.

Maybe pick a balance of projects; some more professional than others, but work appropriately.

In this industry, your name and the quality of the product count for everything. So make sure you have a good reputation and that product is the best product possible.

15. Technology

15a Support

I end up being the tech support guy for a few friends and family. It's part of what I give to them, I receive other things in kind. This isn't business, just friendship. If it takes too long, I can say I'm not interested in helping and they're better off with a formal support contract through a dedicated support company.

15b Tutorials

Teach others how to do things and learn from them what they don't know. Finding out what others don't know and helping them fill that knowledge can be a great way to build relationships. Learn something very advanced about an application and share it with friends or online. Or try looking at elements that you've struggled with, ask yourself why, then set yourself the task of making other people's lives easier by explaining it to them so they don't have the same journey you did.

15c Access Demos

Show someone else what you can do with your stuff. Watch out in case they've wearing a balaclava and sporting a swag bag on their back.

16 Mastering

Read Mastering Audio: The Art and the Science by Bob Katz. Honestly, it'll give you more insight that I can here.

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43 Reasons for Collaborating - Part 3 - Musical Creativity 41

Alan — Mon, 16 Jun 2008 19:40:32 +0100

7. Finances

Even arranging a loan with your bank manager is a form of collaboration. Ok, it's a purchase of a product by you from them, but if responsible, then the bank should be acting in partnership with you. I'm working on a few projects where I can see finances becoming an issue in the medium term. I could also see a few of the project members funding their own areas. None could fund the whole project, but as each could fund their own area, the project could still work. It's like pooling resources but more controlled.

8. Opportunities

People know people. Some of those people will have their own projects they want to proceed. It's back to the adage of being in the right place at the right time. By working with others, you'll pick up more contacts and build a reputation for yourself.

9. Exit - contracts

Whatever the collaboration, figure out how it can break up cleanly. It's one of the best pieces of advice I've ever heard about partnerships; the first thing to do when starting any partnership is to work out how to dissolve it. Working partnerships and collaborations do break up eventually, so you may as well put the time in now to understand who takes the rights to which pieces of work. If you can't agree that now, then maybe that particular collaboration's not for you.

10. Projects

Projects may just be the embodiment of a person's aims or that of a group of people. It gives them motivation and impetus to head towards a common goal. Set up a project if you're not sure about long-term commitment (either from yourself or the other members).

Think about using side-projects where you commit your time but not as much as you would to your main projects or your day-job. They can provide useful outlets for experimenting. Make sure everyone involved knows what level of commitment the others are providing. It can be mixed, but useful if everyone knows where they stand first.

11. Bands

Just as jamming with other musicians can be a great feeling, get yourself into a band. Remember it's not just about the music, it's also about the interaction of the people; their common aims, goals, their talent (or lack of it), their attitude to music, to the band and to life. Bands are a great vehicle for musicians and as a composer, you're missing out if you've never played in a band.

12. Other media

Doing everything yourself on a project nowadays is easy, but doing it well is out of the reach of most of us. Doing it to a professional, world-standard level on your own is out of the reach of everyone of us, unless you have a lot of money to spare and a few years to learn and implement everything you need.

Now that there are so many variations of the media product, it's getting more difficult to keep up. For instance you can write music, but can you produce it within the constraints of the media and making use of the quirks of the media?

radio plays
feature film/movies
shorts
tv - documentaries, comedies, adverts
games
promotional material - e.g. company annual events, wedding DVDs, Idents
theatre plays
musical theatre
phone ring tones
computer software
radio adverts
on-hold music

Collaborating with others means you can concentrate on the main parts you want to be involved in. Unfortunately you'll have to balance that with what your collaborators want.

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43 Reasons for Collaborating - Part 2 - Musical Creativity 41

Alan — Mon, 16 Jun 2008 19:37:13 +0100

4. Production

4a Fresh Pair of Ears

A producer should remain distant enough from the in-depth recording process to be able to bring a fresh opinion. Their view can suggest new directions or, at least, a validation of the current direction.

4b Motivation

Producing your own CD, DVD, whatever it is, can be a tiring and troublesome process. Many of us feel like giving up at various points in the journey. By using a producer, you can have someone else buoy up your own motivation. Beware of producers that suck your motivation.

4c Experience

A producer should have experience of other bands, other artists and/or other productions. This experience should come to bear on your production.

4d Critical Analysis

The producer shouldn't have the same level of personal involvement in the product that the artist does during the recording stages. So if you're the artist and you really like a certain part of a track, a producer should be able to work with you and guide you in an agreed direction, even if it means losing that part. You use a good producer so that they can constructively criticise the product without criticising you.

4e Contacts

A producer can bring in industry contacts. Want a musician, want a mastering engineer, then the producer may know someone who will fit the bill.

4f Events

By having a larger base of artists than the artist would themselves, the producer will have access to events. In this way, they may be treading on the roles of managers or agents, but if you don't have either of those, the producer may be an appropriate start.

4g Project Management

This is what I see as being the key role for producers. It's the management of the final deliverable. They ensure that from the start to the end, you focus only on the tasks necessary for the product. If you need something for the product, they will arrange it. If you need a certain instrument, they can source that. And so on. They're not gophers, nor are they band managers, but I'd always ask any aspiring producer what they actually do. How much of the legwork would your producer do? Obviously, the more experienced and the more successful the producer, the less mundane work they'd do.

5. Writing

Maybe I should have put this at number 1 considering this is part of a series on Musical Creativity.

5a Lyrics

I like to concentrate on writing music and effects, I'm useless at lyrics. So I partner with someone else to write my lyrics. It works well, especially if I can provide a hint or description for the song in question. There are plenty of none musical people out there, who still have rhythm and feel enough to write lyrics.

One question you'll have to figure out is whether you want them to write the melody for the lyrics as well. I've used both situations. It depends on how I feel I can move the song along better.

5b Reasons for writing

Collaborating with someone else often provides a reason for writing. For instance, you could be asked to write a specific song for them or they may provide a challenge for you to complete. By accepting something out of the ordinary, you find the motivation to experience writing in different musical styles. Recently, I was asked to write something with the same feel as another song but not the same. It didn't need to sound the same, nor even have the same chord structure or instruments. Just had to feel the same. That in itself was an interesting challenge.

You can also collaborate with other composers when they're stuck and need to move tracks on. It's great when it works. Maybe your suggestions won't work, nor will they be accepted, but the simple act of making them think differently sparks off their own ideas that do work for them. That ends up being a good result all round.

5c Composing synchronously

Now that a lot of the audio can be recorded and transferred digitally, the concept of collaborating with others around the globe becomes a lot more realistic. There are still issues; if you're going to do it in a synchronous manner where you both (or all) write and play at the same time, then a lot of the rules for organising and recording a live jam session still apply, e.g.:

ensure you can hear what the others are playing - i.e. is your monitoring system sufficient?
ensure you can hear what the others are playing when they play it - i.e. timelags are a big issue
ensure you have a way of recording the complete music, not just one person's perspective
ensure you know what you're going to play, although this could just be a rough outline of chord changes, verses, choruses, etc
ensure you know who's leading
ensure you can communicate with each other in real-time - also means you may need a separate microphone for conversations.

For two composers instead of playing musicians, you'll need a way to describe thoughts to each other, a shared notepad and diagramming tool (such as groupware whiteboards) are useful. Whether it is usually truly synchronous may be picking hairs - I suppose both composers would have to write different parts, then combine them back together - it's more sequential but allows for a much quicker bounce of ideas back and forth than from asynchronous routes.

5d Composing asynchronously

Collaborating asynchronously opens up more opportunities. It's the modern equivalent of the guitarist walking into a rehearsal with some new riffs. You can record the instrument tracks you want to, then share or send the project file and associated audio. The other composer can import the project file and work on that, then share or send it back. This allows for recording overdubs, adding new loops, writing new sections of music.

Cross-platform composition, tracking and mixing is one area where few if any of the DAW manufacturers have pushed the boundaries far enough. If you can keep it to midi files, you'll get a lot further. The OMF import and export functions can work, but are often flawed depending on how the original project file was saved.

6. Live

6a Jamming

Bouncing ideas off another musician and taking the music in a new direction is one of the best feelings coming from being a musician. The more you play with someone, the more you'll know how they play, not just what they play, but how they think when they're playing. For instance, you'll understand their ideas of chord progressions, melodies, phrasing, timing. If you share in that, then the whole can be greater that the sum of the parts. It's a good way to learn new basic song. Just beware of falling into the 12-bar blues progressions. Actually, even if you have to do 12-bar blues, use some of the variations.

6b Support

The traditional headline and support roles for gigs has been blurred for a long time, e.g. with gigs showing double headline acts or 4 supports, but the concept of an established band using a new band to keep the audience entertained and warm them up definitely still exists.

Want to expand your area for gigs, then get in touch with the manager of reasonably well-known, but still upcoming local band and suggest your band do a support slot for them. Make sure the musical styles and audiences of both bands are similar enough to work.

6c Recording

There will be other people starting out, trying to learn their trade. In many cases, they may be learning whether they want to continue or not. Some will be trying to branch out, so keep an eye out for people who are looking at recording gigs. A combination of inexperience, little knowledge and arrogance will often yield bad results whatever the industry, so look for someone who's actively learning and wanting to progress in recording.

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43 Reasons for Collaborating - Part 1 - Musical Creativity 41

Alan — Mon, 16 Jun 2008 19:22:07 +0100

A short series of articles on collaborating with other people to make your music better, make it heard or to help them move their music forwards.

1. Recording

1a Engineer

It's so much easier to play, record, change settings, do another take and all those other tasks when there's an extra pair of hands doing the engineering. It means you can focus on feeling comfortable and ensuring that you play to the best of your ability without having to change position and move a microphone, listen to the output, try again, etc. The more you work with an engineer, the more familiar you'll become with their way of working.

1b New outlook

Work with other engineers will remove some of the familiarity of the recording process or familiarity with a particular engineer but will open up new ideas. If you're acting as the engineer for someone else, then it may force you to think back to basics and undo some of your own habits that work well for you in your setting, but no so well for others in their own setting.

1c New kit

Not only do engineers have their preferred choices of recording techniques and equipment, some will have that equipment to hand. It's at the beginning and aspiring levels that it can make more difference since it's at the amateur and semi-pro levels that you're still learning which combinations work best for you. Perhaps you work with an engineer to try out their mics and return the favour later by recording them using your kit. The reciprocal nature opens up new opportunities and learning experiences.

1d Location or studio

Just as the engineer may have kit and techniques, they may also have access to other locations and studios. Want a good drum room, then you're probably better off with a studio, but want a particular type of sound, maybe even just a decent vocal booth and you may have luck with other musicians and engineers.

1e Crowd and audience

If you're thinking of recording a live gig, then the engineer may have access to a different audience (maybe bigger) than you're used to. Lots of live-recording engineers will have regular gigs. Getting a slot in one of those, could provide a ready-made, if not totally accepting, audience.

2. Mixing

2a Remix

Letting someone else mix your tracks has a few of advantages

provides a fresh pair of ears to your music
means you can focus on recording and playing
brings a different tone to your music if you use a mix engineer who has their own sound

Sometimes the mix you have just doesn't work, giving it to a mix engineer may help you out of that rut.

2b Revamp

Think of this being the use of "remix" that's becoming more prevalent nowadays. Hardly mixing in the traditional sense of setting faders, processing and effects, but getting involved in cutting-and-pasting the arrangement. In this case, the re-mixer would be chopping verses up, perhaps interspersing them with samples from elsewhere. Is there a better word for this?

2c Mashups

Taking the revamp approach a step further for a more extreme result.

2d Different mixing skills

There are a few tricks to mixing for 12 inch vinyl. Although many of these may be properly found within the mastering engineer's remit, knowing about them from a mix engineer's perspective will help move things along more quickly.

3. Playing

3a Skill

There are times when you have to admit you can't play an instrument well enough to be able to record what you want to. This is where the session musicians come in. At the more amateur level, it's more about finding a friend or a contact who can do it for you. Just beware of contractual implications if you go that route.

3b Extra Instruments

An extension of 3a, sometimes you just want a different instrument in your recording; one that you can't play. The most common for these would be real violins or cellos to augment sampled strings, or real trumpets or horns to augment brass sections. While you can get friends to fill in, again beware of contractual implications.

3c Vibe and Groove

Different players have different styles of playing. Compare the rock bassist to the jazz/funk bassist. Different styles and often even a different sense of timing. Actually, that should probably read that they can have a different interpretation of timing. By bringing in a musician who can add a different vibe, you can dramatically change the feel of a song.

3d Name and Kudos

This is the guest slot. Having someone with a known name can introduce you to their audience, but also give you the reputation of being able to work with others.

3e Broaden your Horizons

Playing or working with other musicians is a great way to expand your own horizons. Watch what they do, how they set-up, how they approach the gig, what kit they use and how they use it to produce the sounds requested of them. And that's without learning from the notes they play or the phrasing they employ.

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My composing workflows

Alan — Sun, 01 Jun 2008 19:52:56 +0100

I said in the previous article that I'd provide details of my most common composing workflows.

Sync to video Soundtrack

I'll get the video into a format ready for Logic Pro, mainly I'm looking for a QuickTime movie.
Import the movie into Logic, check the frame rate. Very important.
Set Logic to find the scene change markpoints. I'm having second thoughts about this process. I may revert to adding them manually. I like how some features are more obvious in Logic Studio 8, than in LP 7.2, so I'm going to play with these a bit more.
Read through the director's notes and play the movie. Start to get a feel of what I want to put in there while it's playing.
Set the tempo track up for the obvious places, hitting the markpoints at the right times.
Decide if it's an effect or musical soundtrack, then choose the correct instruments and play along. I'll probably want the clicktrack off when I'm not sure of what the timing should be. In that case, I'll figure out the time signature after I've played along to it a few times.
Tighten up the recording as I go along and improve the fit to the movie

Creating a library track

I'll usually start with a drum track
Add guitar riff and extend this
Add another guitar
Add bass
Add synth if necessary
Process the sounds, adding effects as appropriate
Mix
Create shorter edits and stings

Creating a bespoke track

Well, it depends what's been asked for. Difficult to say what I do until I agree the brief, but I may be more structured and layout a rough structure on drums, even if it's only marginally more interesting than just a click track. Usually there's a length of time to fill so that constrains it. Often I'll split it into three; the start, the theme and the end. I'll build up from there.

Creating a track in a new style

Get a reference track
Play the reference track and listen carefully.
Start to deconstruct what makes the reference track belong to its genre
Build up a track from that

In these cases, I'm more likely to have the idea in my head and then have to transcribe and/or record the sounds that I hear.

Extending a previous idea

If only a small extension is required, I'll try looping a few bars, missing out an instrument, introducing more percussion for a bigger ending, playing the main theme on another instrument. Quite typical tricks that work well for small extensions. For longer extensions and more complex pieces, I'm more likely to play it through on guitar (no matter what it was originally recorded/played in) and go from there. Sometimes I approach it logically, working out what notes should work next, other times, I'll just play and see what notes fit best. I discussed a few variations on this in an earlier article.

Challenge

Anybody's guess is good here. It really depends what the challenge is. Often I'll set a challenge for myself after hearing a piece of music and wondering if I could do that. The challenge is to create something similar but not the same. It's similar to creating a track in a new style, but the constraints of the challenge could be a lot more severe. Look at Jeff Yates' Norman Bates with a Briefcase. Fortunately he only had the title for his challenge, good job he wasn't told to do it Polka stye or something like that.

The usual

Throughout all of this, my standard route for composing is to have written most of what I want to play before I get to the recording stage. Sometimes I play with dice and figure it out as I record, aiming for a very live, spontaneous feel - something very similar to jamming. The difference is that I'll have played all the parts so far, so I've a good idea where the music's going. Often I'll have the majority created and just record the last few parts as spontaneous. I find that this way I end up with a mix of structured foundations and varied melody.

I can always re-record the added part if it needs to be more polished. Sometimes it works better that way, sometimes not.

I'm interested to hear if your workflow differs.

Use random notes - Musical Creativity 38

Alan — Sun, 01 Jun 2008 16:28:37 +0100

Create a random part and modify it until it becomes musical. I'll describe a few options for taking a random parts and the processes I use for making them more musical.

1. Creating the randomness

I set Logic on a 4 bar cycle and hit keys at random on my keyboard. I chose a clean electric piano sound since they highlight any dissonance. It's not truly random because it's difficult to unlearn how to play, but after cycling through the 4 bars a few times it did become a mess of notes.

I could have used the humaniser function of Logic with the notes set at random (oddly, to de-humanise the part) . Didn't think of this until afterwards.

The glue part was because I was recording twice. I had to glue the parts together. There was no need to hae done this, it was just because of where I'd started and stopped recording and what I'd wanted to include.

2. Lengthen the notes

I changed the notes to half-time, doubling the length of each note. I expanded the region and the cycle region to account for this. So now I've 8 bars instead of 4.

3. Deduplicate overlapping repeating notes

If an event has a closely following event of the same pitch overlapping, this will turn them into two events, but the first will finish just before the second starts instead of overlapping.

4. Quantize

The placement of the events was a mess, they were all over the place with no real rhythm. I played with the grid, visually assessing which grid seemed to fit best. This was purely a quick estimation. I also changed the quantize value a few times and I settled on 24ths (triplet semi quavers). I also liked 12ths (triplet quavers) but it seemed to rigid, especially for having come from random notes.

5. Process length for overlapping notes

I did this, then decided to undo it. I liked both, but decided to keep the longer notes ringing. This option means that Logic will identify chords and ensure that the events are the same length. Without it, some notes in a chord may ring more than others.

6. Humanise Velocity.

I processed the midi, running it through the humanise function focussing solely on velocity. There wasn't a major change here, just slight enough to add some odd stress patterns. Maybe a groove template or similar would have been a better feature. Not sure.

7. Effects

These are in the order I added them (they're in a different order in the signal chain)

7a) It was crying out for a rotary cabinet emulator. Didn't need much, just something to take the edge of the louder, higher pitch notes.

7b) Guitar Amp emulator. I like using guitar amp emulators on non-guitar instruments. It's rare they need the full-on, high-gain distortion models, but mostly, just a clean or slightly overdriven blues amp can make a massive difference to a sound. For this one, I went with a clean amp.

7c) Overdrive - to have more control over the tone of the overdrive than provided with the guitar amp emulator, I went with a separate overdrive effect. Again most of the effect was dialled out to avoid losing the music in the distortion.

7d) Compressor - again to take the edge off and make the sound shine through more.

Some other ideas?

To be honest, add any effect and see what the result is. I tried a few that didn't work out in this case.

Delays can work well at creating rhythm out of random notes, especially if only on some of the notes
Use the random notes to trigger an arpeggio or other sequence (either directly into a virtual instrument or using the arpeggiator in the environment)
Pitch change processors - ideally you need a polyphonic processor. I tried running it through Logic's Pitch changer with variable results, not expecting much. Mainly I knocked out a few notes from the scale, but I wasn't happy with the sound
Use the midi filters to process some of the events but not all. For instance, you can select just the highest or lowest notes and split them out to a different channel and/or instrument. Then quanitise them differently to the rest of the events.
Most of the modulators will muddy the sound, reducing the sharpness of any dissonance from the original notes.
A tremolo will work similar to the modulators by reducing the sharpness of any dissonance but also provide a rhythm. Can be used on all notes or focussed on range.
Trigger the notes via another method, e.g. use a gate or a compressor with a sidechain to create a stuttering or pulsating effect. At least you can then bring the notes in line with the rest of the rhythm.

Gallery of Screenshots for each part of the process.

Want to do better?

I've attached the midi file so you can try for yourself. Let me know how you get on.

Part of a series by Award Sounds offering a selection of creative ideas to kick-start or rejuvenate a composition.

Arranging Multiple Parts for a Guitar - Musical Creativity 37

Alan — Mon, 28 Apr 2008 19:49:34 +0100

As well as composing and recording, I play guitar in a band, playing a mixture of covers and our own originals. We don't stick too closely to the originals when we cover them, realising that we only have four members (guitar, bass, drums and vocals) so many songs have to be stripped down to work.

Going from a song that has many parts to a cover version with only four instruments can leave you feeling a bit naked when playing live. It doesn't help that as guitarist, I often have to play several parts at the same time.

It's just arranging

You've got 6 strings. So if you're adding in a piano part and a guitar part, then it's time to pick the most important notes. After all, you can only play a maximum of 6 at a time.

Listen

Listen to the music and pick out what makes the tune. A lot of notes are filler. The music sounds different without it, but that's ok.

Listen to other listeners

Not only listen to the track yourself, but ask the other band members what elements of the song stick out to them. Singers pick out different notes to bass players and so on. So there's me as a guitarist saying that some notes are missing from our arrangement, but no-one else has noticed. And it happens the other way around, where one of the other members will ask where a certain part is.

Who's the arranger?

If you are, then don't be afraid to ask the other musicians to try playing parts that they wouldn't have considered. I'm fortunate to be in a band with an accomplished and adventurous bassist. That's good because it allows us to swap when it comes to supporting the melody or the rhythm. The drummer's also open to new ideas. They, in turn, ask me to play other parts I hadn't considered.

The tone of the guitar

For notes played at the same time (e.g. chords), we've a limited tonal range. Each note in the chord has to be nearly the same tone and volume. There's some flexibility if you pluck with your fingers, but it's still pretty restricted.

If you look across the length of the song, then guitarists have access to a massive range of tone since we can vary it as we go along. The trick there is to tie the tone to a musical part, e.g. the piano lead.

Two at once

The guitarist can support the rhythm by striking staccato chords, but then there's an empty space for pads to ring. My way around this is to play the ringing chord and then play the rhythm on the low 6th string, sometimes with the 5th depending on what the chords are and how much I need to reinforce the rhythm. This works well clean or crunch sounds, not quite as well with hi-gain tone, but it can still work. Just depends on the chords being played and the rhythm that it needs to fit into.

Swapping between instruments on the same tone

To differentiate between two instrument parts, I've used upstrokes on one and downstrokes on another. Swapping between primarily plucked and primarily legato/glissando can help differentiate.

Try alternate strokes.

Similar to the ringing chords plus staccato rhythm above, the root notes can be played on the downstroke, then the ringing chords on the upstroke. Even more useful is the downstroke on the root, then several staccato chords using upstrokes. Not exactly special, but can be very useful for syncopated rhythms.

Let the bass play

If the bassist is playing the root notes, then the guitarist doesn't need to. Frees the guitarist up to play other parts.

Too much to do

Guitarists only use one pick at a time, but can use several fingers. So think about whether some finger picking would help. In addition, I use a combination, playing some notes with pick, then treble notes with fingers, often alternating, but sometimes together. Works well at emulating piano parts.

It's also the only way I've found to keeping the strength of the normal guitar notes while playing a melody on the higher strings. It takes practice but is well worth it since it opens up a whole new area of complexity.

Stretch

Bassists usually only play one note at a time. That's an overstatement, but stretch your bass player. For instance, if they play chords or at least octaves, they can free up the guitarist from chordal duties. Also the bass is a great instrument for filling in string parts. It doesn't sound like a string section, but fits in a live mix well enough, especially when played around the 5-9th frets on the A and D strings.

Composing

Why is this in the composition section? The more techniques a player has, then less restricted the music will be. By thinking how to deconstruct a song to a minimum of instruments, then you get to realise how much of a a song is superfluous. Look on youtube and you can watch any number of acoustic covers of songs, not all good mind you. The better versions have been arranged by musicians who have thought about which notes matter most and have fitted them into the composition.

Any other ideas

I'm interested to hear of other ideas or your experiences with this.

Part of a series by Award Sounds offering a selection of creative ideas to kick-start or rejuvenate a composition.